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The Future Of Online Adult Entertainment: Surging Demand, The Rise Of Free Porn And The Emergence Of New Business Models-Aarkstore Enterprise

But the rapid increase in consumer broadband penetration has been a double-edged sword for the sector; while new providers have emerged which leverage Web 2.0 to provide well loved online services, many established players for whom physical media sales have traditionally accounted for a significant proportion of revenues are struggling to compete against the plethora of free sites.

With DVD and magazine sales falling quick as consumer consumption patterns change, companies must react quickly to retain a pivotal market position. The additional opportunities afforded by mobile, interactive TV and gaming platforms provide new opportunities, but adds to the evident fragmentation of both content services and business models.

Key features of this report

• Overview of the industry trends, technological evolution and changing business models that have driven development of the online adult entertainment market.

• Revenue forecasts to 2012 for adult entertainment revenues: includes breakdowns for online, mobile and broadcast services, plus DVD and magazine sales.

• Market projections for related communications and entertainment products and services including consumer broadband, mobile telephony and smart phone shipments.

Scope of this report

• Gain a comprehensive understanding of how market trends are boosting the potential of online adult entertainment services, and the impact such developments will have on traditional business models and strategies.

• Know how the competitive environment is changing, and specifically how the emergence of adult tube sites has disrupted the traditional status quo.

• Quantify the adult entertainment market opportunity, gaining an insight into the revenue potential of online, mobile and broadcast adult services, while gauging how demand for physical media will fall.

Key Market Issues

• Although adult content remains prohibited or strictly controlled in many country markets, in general there has been a relaxation of legal restrictions over recent years. But, some markets – notably China – are strengthening their anti-pornography stances, providing a major challenge for many across the industry.

• Just like the music industry before it, the adult entertainment sector is seeing rapid declines in its core business (i.e. DVD and magazine sales), with digital distribution essentially needing to fill this void to maintain revenue growth. Consumer consumption of adult content has shifted from physical media to the web, while online usage is changing rapidly as technological advancements allow the deployment of more advanced and interactive multimedia services.

Key findings from this report

1. Fragmentation is rife. Within the online adult entertainment industry, there are a small number of large firms and a huge number of smaller firms; the rise of tube sites means that this proliferation is more marked than ever before.
2. The wide range of content available for free will continue to have a negative impact on premium providers’ ability to attract and retain fee-paying clients.
3. Relative to tube sites, the online destinations of leading established market players attract far lower traffic volumes and usage.

Key questions answered

1. What are the major trends shaping the online adult entertainment market?
2. Why are traditional adult entertainment firms investing so heavily in the deployment of online services?
3. Which factors are likely to restrict the potential of online and mobile adult entertainment services and why?
4. To what extent will adult tube sites threaten the traditional status quo across the adult entertainment industry?
5. How will the market for adult entertainment services evolve, and which future trends will impact on developments over the course of the next 2-3 years?
 
 
  Table of Contents : 
Table of Contents
The Future of Online Adult Entertainment
Executive summary 10
Market context: the rise of online services 10
Shifting the balance of power 11
Company profiles 12
The future of online adult entertainment 13
Chapter 1 Introduction 16
Introduction 16
Who is this report for? 16
Definitions 17
Adult entertainment 17
Convergence 17
Digital pay-TV (DTV) 17
Internet Protocol TV (IPTV) 17
Internet TV 17
Mobile TV 17
Peer-to-peer (P2P) networking 18
Social networking 18
Tube sites 18
User-generated content (UGC) 18
Video on demand (VOD) 18
Chapter 2 Market context: the rise of online services 20
Summary 20
Introduction 21
Online adult entertainment market trends 22
A highly fragmented market 23
DVD and magazine sales fall in the face of rising online uptake 24
Echoing developments in the mainstream multimedia market 24
Adult movie production and DVD sales on the decline 25
The explosion of online services 28
Broadband market development drives online adult entertainment opportunities 31
Higher speeds bring new content-related opportunities 35
Consumers exploit broadband potential 36
Long- and small-form content each have their place 37
Online video usage is increasing rapidly 40
Consumers flock to online adult services 41
Online adult content user demographics 43
Regulation and censorship provides significant challenges 45
Regulation varies considerably by country 46
Restrictive measures show varying levels of success 49
China’s anti-pornography crack-down 50
Age verification comes under scrutiny 53
Piracy just as prevalent as in the mainstream entertainment sector 56
Chapter 3 Shifting the balance of power 60
Summary 60
Introduction 61
Shifting the balance of power 61
Tube sites make their presence felt 61
Low cost of entry results in a crowded market place 62
Revenue generation is a hard task 64
Free online content impacts heavily on traditional players 67
Traditional players seek to catch up lost ground online 68
Tube sites offer some potential for content producers 69
Mobile opportunities increase 70
Adult mobile services develop apace 71
Rising 3G penetration boosts demand for mobile content 72
Device evolution boosts mobile content potential 75
Mobile TV opportunities limited in the small term 77
Alternative portable solutions are gaining more traction 78
Major hurdles remain 79
Continued demand for digital TV services evident 80
Chapter 4 Company profiles 84
Summary 84
Introduction 85
Private Media Group 86
Vivid Entertainment 90
Playboy Enterprises 92
New Frontier Media 97
Beate Uhse 100
Conclusions 102
Chapter 5 The future of online adult entertainment 104
Summary 104
Introduction 105
Future adult entertainment market trends 105
Generating revenue from tube sites will be a hard task 105
A focus on interactivity and ‘unpiratable’ content 106
Consumers seek more interactivity 107
Live video chat services show their potential 107
Haptic content could become a reality 108
Online providers must ensure that content is regularly refreshed 108
Repurposing of content for multiple devices increasingly essential 109
Adult console games on the horizon? 109
High definition content and 3D-TV 110
Consolidation is on the cards 111
Online services to offset declining DVD sales 112
Asia-Pacific to become the largest online adult entertainment market 116
Index 120

List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Historic US adult video rental/sales revenues ($bn), 1992-2006 26
Figure 2.2: Private Media Group’s declining magazine circulation 28
Figure 2.3: Worldwide consumer Internet access subscribers, 2007-2012 31
Figure 2.4: Consumer Internet subscribers by region, 2008 33
Figure 2.5: Internet subscribers by region, 2012 34
Figure 2.6: Broadband boosts multimedia usage (2008) 37
Figure 2.7: Small-form content still rules in the online world (2008) 38
Figure 2.8: Interest in user-generated content declines with age 39
Figure 2.9: Proportion of online population streaming online video, December 2008 40
Figure 2.10: Online video reaches 80% of US consumers 41
Figure 2.11: Adult and advertising account for a growing % of US online video 42
Figure 2.12: Demographic comparison of adult sites users: age 43
Figure 2.13: Demographic comparison of adult sites users: gender 44
Figure 2.14: Browsing location comparison 45
Figure 2.15: Legal status of pornography by country 47
Figure 2.16: China consumer Internet subscribers (000s), 2007-2012 51
Figure 2.17: Chinese adult content censorship appears to be working 53
Figure 2.18: UK teenagers accessing adult content 55
Figure 3.19: Tube sites drive adult video content usage 64
Figure 3.20: Redtube.com premium subscription offering 65
Figure 3.21: 3G share of worldwide mobile phone subscriptions & revenues, 2005-2013 73
Figure 3.22: Worldwide mobile connections and revenues, 2007-2013 74
Figure 3.23: Smartphone shipments by region (000s), 2008-2014 76
Figure 3.24: Global VOD revenues ($m), 2007-2012 81
Figure 4.25: Private Media Group revenue by sector (€000), 2002-2008 87
Figure 4.26: Private Media Group revenue sector share (% revenue), 2002-2008 89
Figure 4.27: Vivid Entertainment estimated revenue sector share (% revenue), 2005 and 2008 91
Figure 4.28: Playboy Enterprises revenue by sector ($m), 2003-2008 93
Figure 4.29: Playboy Enterprises revenue sector share (% revenue), 2003-2008 95
Figure 4.30: New Frontier Media revenue by sector, 2003-2008 98
Figure 4.31: New Frontier Media revenue sector share (% revenue), 2003-2008 99
Figure 4.32: Beate Uhse revenue by sector (€000), 2003-2008 100
Figure 4.33: Beate Uhse revenue sector share (% revenue), 2003-2008 102
Figure 5.34: Worldwide adult entertainment revenues by sector ($m), 2008-2012 114
Figure 5.35: Worldwide adult entertainment revenue sector share (% revenue), 2008-2012 115
Figure 5.36: Online adult entertainment revenues by region ($m), 2008-2012 117
Figure 5.37: Online adult entertainment revenue regional share (% revenue), 2008-2012 118

List of Tables
Table 2.1: Historic US adult video rental/sales revenues ($bn), 1992-2006 27
Table 2.2: Worldwide consumer Internet access subscribers, 2007-2012 32
Table 2.3: Consumer Internet subscribers by region, 2008 33
Table 2.4: Forecast consumer Internet subscribers by region (000s), 2012 35
Table 2.5: Adult and advertising account for a growing % of US online video 42
Table 2.6: China consumer Internet subscribers (000s), 2007-2012 52
Table 3.7: 3G share of worldwide mobile phone subscriptions & revenues, 2004-13 73
Table 3.8: Worldwide mobile connections and revenues, 2007-2013 75
Table 3.9: Worldwide smart phone shipments by region (millions), 2008-2014 76
Table 3.10: Global VOD revenues ($m), 2007-2012 82
Table 4.11: Private Media Group revenue by sector (€000), 2002-2008 88
Table 4.12: Playboy Enterprises revenue by sector ($m), 2003-2008 94
Table 4.13: New Frontier Media revenue by sector ($m), 2003-2008 98
Table 4.14: Beate Uhse revenue by sector (€000), 2003-2008 101
Table 5.15: Worldwide adult entertainment revenues by sector ($m), 2008-2012 114
Table 5.16: Worldwide adult entertainment revenue sector share (% revenue), 2008-2012 116
Table 5.17: Online adult entertainment revenues by region ($m), 2008-2012 11
 
 

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Trans World Entertainment – Swot Analysis – Market Reserach Report On Aarkstore Enterprise

Trans World Entertainment – SWOT Analysis company profile is the essential source for top-level company data and information. Trans World Entertainment – SWOT Analysis examines the company’s key business structure and operations, history and products, and provides summary analysis of its key revenue lines and strategy.

Trans World Entertainment (Trans World) is a specialty retailer of entertainment software including music, video and video games. Trans World sells entertainment products in the US, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. The company is headquartered in Albany, New York and employs around 6,700 people. The company recorded revenues of 7.6 million in the financial year (FY) finished January 2009, a decrease of 22% over 2008. The operating loss of the company was .1 million during FY2009, as against an operating loss of .4 million in 2008. The net loss was million in FY2009, compared to a net loss of .4 million in 2008.

Scope of the Report

- Provides all the crucial information on Trans World Entertainment required for business and competitor intelligence needs
- Contains a study of the major internal and external factors affecting Trans World Entertainment in the form of a SWOT analysis as well as a breakdown and examination of leading product revenue streams of Trans World Entertainment
-Data is supplemented with details on Trans World Entertainment history, key executives, business description, locations and subsidiaries as well as a list of products and services and the latest available statement from Trans World Entertainment

Reasons to Buy

- Support sales activities by understanding your customers’ businesses better
- Qualify prospective partners and suppliers
- Keep fully up to date on your competitors’ business structure, strategy and prospects
- Obtain the most up to date company information available

Table of Contents :

This product typically includes the following sections:

SWOT COMPANY PROFILE: Trans World Entertainment
Key Facts: Trans World Entertainment
Company Overview: Trans World Entertainment
Business Description: Trans World Entertainment
Company History: Trans World Entertainment
Key Employees: Trans World Entertainment
Key Employee Biographies: Trans World Entertainment
Products & Services Listing: Trans World Entertainment
Products & Services Analysis: Trans World Entertainment
SWOT analysis: Trans World Entertainment
*Strengths: Trans World Entertainment
*Weaknesses: Trans World Entertainment
*Opportunities: Trans World Entertainment
*Threats: Trans World Entertainment
Company View: Trans World Entertainment
Top Competitors: Trans World Entertainment
Location and Subsidiary: Trans World Entertainment
*Head Office: Trans World Entertainment
*Other Locations and Subsidiaries: Trans World Entertainment

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Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc. – Swot Analysis – Market Research Reports On Aarkstore Enterprise

Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc. – SWOT Analysis company profile is the essential source for top-level company data and information. Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc. – SWOT Analysis examines the company’s key business structure and operations, history and products, and provides summary analysis of its key revenue lines and strategy.

Ingram Entertainment Holdings (Ingram Entertainment), a privately held company, is one of the largest distributors of home entertainment products in the US. The company distributes prerecorded video cassettes, electronics, DVD hardware and software, Blu-ray, video game hardware and software, audio books, accessories and used pre-recorded video cassettes. It is headquartered in LaVergne, Tennessee. The company recorded revenues of 1 million during the financial year finished December 2008 (FY2008), an increase of 2.2% over 2007. Ingram Entertainment is a private company and has not released its annual report. Therefore other financial details are not available.

Scope of the Report

- Provides all the crucial information on Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc. required for business and competitor intelligence needs
- Contains a study of the major internal and external factors affecting Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc. in the form of a SWOT analysis as well as a breakdown and examination of leading product revenue streams of Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
-Data is supplemented with details on Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc. history, key executives, business description, locations and subsidiaries as well as a list of products and services and the latest available statement from Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.

Reasons to Buy

- Support sales activities by understanding your customers’ businesses better
- Qualify prospective partners and suppliers
- Keep fully up to date on your competitors’ business structure, strategy and prospects
- Obtain the most up to date company information available”

Table of Contents :

This product typically includes the following sections:

SWOT COMPANY PROFILE: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
Key Facts: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
Company Overview: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
Business Description: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
Company History: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
Key Employees: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
Key Employee Biographies: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
Products & Services Listing: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
Products & Services Analysis: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
SWOT analysis: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
*Strengths: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
*Weaknesses: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
*Opportunities: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
*Threats: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
Company View: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
Top Competitors: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
Location and Subsidiary: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
*Head Office: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.
*Other Locations and Subsidiaries: Ingram Entertainment Holdings Inc.

For more information, please visit :

http://www.aarkstore.com/reports/Ingram-Entertainment-Holdings-Inc-SWOT-Analysis-30482.html

Emerging Permissiveness of Adult Entertainment and Implications for Adolescents Sexuality

Introduction

 The quest for information is growing daily and the relevance of media as a supplier and disseminators of information to large populations cannot be overemphasized.   The Media is recognized as a powerful tool that is indispensable and capable of presentation of factual and balanced information that can shape public opinions and enhance structural change in human behaviour.  But, their roles today are becoming more worrisome and misunderstood especially in the area of sexuality.  There exist today raging controversies surrounding the way sexuality is being described in the media in respect of the way the media tends to reinforce stereotypes and coverage of sexual issues (Tiemoko, 2006. p.6-10) and the extent of religious silence over these media activities.

Today, a publication might be regarded as incomplete without featuring a scantily clad girl or presenting sex figures (Suzanne, et al (2006). The preponderance of sexual attractive scenes inform of entertainment is becoming appalling and called for concern especially in this age that the younger ones are the closest to such media especially the visual media (e.g. television, video, etc).  The effects of uncontrolled, uncultured and illicit sexual behaviour such as HIV/AIDS, unwanted/unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school, unemployment, poverty, crimes, and overall consequences on economic development cannot be overemphasized.  Thus, there is need for adequate assessment to learn and filter out incorrect information and the sources of such information in the lives of these adolescents who are supposed to be the future leaders of our society. 

Regulation of sexual behaviour supposed to be the general concern of many religious groups at all times and in every setting.  But the extent to which any religious group can regulate sexual behaviour of her congregation or society depends on  whether such religion is world–rejecting in its response to the prevalence of societal values or whether it has become world affirming (Ojo, 2007).  The side in which the religion belongs determines the perspective of sexuality as well as her response to the society in which it operates.

While some evangelical groups have succeeded in conservatism approach to sexual behaviour, several have veered away from this traditional religious conservatism.  The Oneida community of New York in the mid-eighteenth century practiced free like with common wives and single family structure and the Mormons practice of a form of polygamy that encouraged mating to populate the world with godly children (Foster, 1994).  Also the Odumosu Emmanuel, the Jesus of Oyingbo’ saga at Maryland, Lagos is another vivid example of possession of sexual privileges over female members and wives.  There are therefore several initiatives that encourage sexual latitude in the Christendom today with yet untold effects on the new generation of adolescents among which is the global news of recent ordination of homosexual gays as priests and Bishops in Anglican sect.  All these are pointers to the sexual latitude being permitted by the church.  The manner in which religious groups especially christianity permits, is silent on adult entertainment and all its associate influencing factor of sexuality raises questions on what the moral responsibility of churches is regarding sexuality and it also raises question about the new societal perspective of responsible sexuality.

According to Monroy de Valasco (1982), the developing countries have over 1 billion adolescents who are physically ancient enough to reproduce but who are far too young to be responsible healthy parents of healthy children (Monroy de Valasco, 1982).  The above assertion could not be unconnected with the absence of the vital sexuality information in homes and uncontrolled access the young folks are having to mostly uncensored scenes.  Ill-informed children especially in the areas of procreativity could engender irresponsible adults/parents with fantastic adverse effect on their siblings and the circle might continue if nothing is done to salvage the situation.  Thus, this research was instituted to break the circle of misinformation and misperceptions regarding adult entertainment in our society.

The globalization of western culture, although with positive advancement in economic development, has engendered infiltration of this culture into fabrics of Nigeria system with visible dominance (Rodney, 1976).  This is more pronounced in some lifestyles like dressing, speaking, work ethics, mode of entertainment and views on sexuality.   One of the sources of this is adult entertainment pivoted and propelled by the media.  Adult entertainment comprises all activities where predominantly women perform sexual acts for payment that include all sex shows, live sex shows – lap and pole dancing, sports bars, stripping, saunas (with extras), prostitution.   It also includes ‘pay-to-view’ internet access and TV/DVD’s, pornography, telephone sex lines, sex shops, etc. (YWCA, 2006).   It is no gain saying that these activities have crept into Nigerian society and remained till date due, amongst others, to the hunger for westernization. 

In all spheres of life, sexuality is considered vital and unavoidable especially in the religious arena where it is traditionally affirmed to be a divinely bestowed blessing for expressing like and generating life and for mutual companionship and pleasure but it also so much bedeviled with misuse, exploitation, abuse, and suffering (RAND Health, 2007).  This therefore implies that sexuality matters require wisdom which should start to develop from childhood.  Inasmuch as it is vital for the young people to know about their sexuality, it is equally vital that the sources of such information should be unbiased, free from misconception and thoroughly monitored by the older people like the parents.  Thus, this study was therefore carried out to examine the effect of adult entertainment, assess its level of pollution and its potential magnitude in terms of influencing adolescents’ sexual behaviour.  

Testable propositions were proffered to ascertain whether adult entertainment has adverse effect on young adolescents’ sexuality, to confirm parents’ style in Nigeria as encouragement to accessing obscene materials and test whether sex education can serve as a substitute to adult entertainment in the sex lives of adolescents.

The apriori expectation was that the study will help in providing solution to incorrect and inappropriate sex information brought about by exposure to adult entertainment by young adolescents.   It is conceived that adult entertainment could implant misconceptions about sex into the young folks and lead to incorrect and inappropriate demonstration of such sexual activities that may inadvertently degenerate to unimaginable delinquencies such as teen-parenting, abortion, masturbation, rape, exhibitionism, voyeurism, to mention but few.  This pilot study would but lay foundation for a larger study from which other generalizations can be made

 

Literature Review

 

Adolescence and sexual development

According to Dehart, Sroufe & Cooper (2004), adolescence can be thought of as a second revolution in human development, the first occurring during the toddler period, when a child emerges from an infant.  During adolescence, a child is transformed into a young adult and qualitative advances can be visible in all developmental areas especially the physical changes.  Just as toddlers lose their former babyish shape, so do adolescents lose the look of children.  Not only do they grow taller, heavier and stronger, but their body proportions change and secondary sex characteristics develop.  For males this includes a broadening of the shoulders, enlargement of the genitals, and growth of hair on various parts of the body.  For females it includes widening of the hips, development of breasts, and the growth of pubic and underarm hair.  Both sexes, of course, buy the capacity for reproduction.

Adolescents develop a much greater feeling of autonomy, which is why psychoanalytic theorists refer to adolescence as a second individuation.  The first individuation occurs in toddler hood, when children come to know their basic separateness from parents (Dehart et al; 2004). In adolescence, the individuation process is carried much further.  Now young people come to know they have inner feelings that even parents cannot know.  Accompanying this individuation is deidentification with parents (Dehart et al; 2004).  Teenagers are moving towards their own ideals, goals, and values, their own unique characters.  They are establishing a sense of personal identity; a knowledge of who they are as separate from their parents, and of what their place in the world is.

Most adolescents do not receive any information about reproduction or contraception from their parents.  It was established that the level of discussion on sexuality between children and their parents is a function of the quality of the relationship they have with them (Papini, et al, 1998) as well as their levels of self esteem and individuation (Papini et al; 1998).  This last point suggests that young adolescents especially, will not bring their sexual concerns to their parents because they are still in the early stages of the process of individuation.  Because of this, they tend to turn to some other sources of information on their sexuality.

 

Obscenity and sexual behaviour

There is widespread belief that a causal relationship exists between an allegedly increased dissemination of obscene material and the increase of juvenile delinquency rates.   Observations show that most children start viewing television in early childhood the major cause of fears among the parents regarding its adverse effects.  For the pre-school child, television in modern America now fulfils the function that the grandparent is said to have performed in a less hectic age—- that of an amusing babysitter. Children on the average watch television for two or three hours a day (Himmelweit et al; 1958).  Many view even the late evening programmes.  Nielsen ratings show that of an audience of 100 at 10 p.m., eight are teen-agers and six are children; as late as 11:30 p.m., five teen-agers and three children are still in the audience (New York Times; 1960) The other media are pale in significance when compared to television. Radio as a source of entertainment has been largely supplanted by the newer medium; it is in places where television cannot reach that radio listening is widespread. Only comic books start to compete with television for the child’s interest. One research team found that 83 per cent of the children in their sample; under 11 years of age, and 50 per cent of those between 11 and 17 years,  read more than two comics a week (Lazarsfeld, et al,1948-9).

 

Religion and adult entertainment

A major characteristic of adult entertainment is nudity and scanty dressing and the two traits could be used interchangeably to describe adult entertainment as being shown by the media.  It has eaten deep into the fabric of the society today and represents a common way of life of most adolescents.  Pornography per se connotes any material depicting or describing the human body or sexual conduct in a way that arouses sexual feelings.  It is distributed through many media, including magazines, books, television, movies, music, and the internet. It is as harmful to the spirit as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs are to the body

In recent past, relaxation on dressing habit was not as visibly rampant as experience today, especially among young girls in Nigeria. The sanctity of proper dressing was always adhered to few years back.  Until now, proper dressing was regarded as socio-cultural and normal moral standard that required no instruction or advice before it is followed by every man and woman.   It was normal to find young girls appropriately dressing in a manner that represents dignity and respect for womanhood.   Nowadays, the event has been overturned and conspicuously replaced by obscene habit of half nakedness and nudity.  While the phenomenon would have been regarded as mere advent of new culture or cultural imposition from the western world, it is surprising that it’s excessively show in common and ‘reserved places’ calls for concern.  Also, the fact that the category concerned falls in the specific younger age groups and especially among the young adolescents girls make it a worrisome development that could have some specific effects in the future development of these groups and perhaps a damaging missile into the lives of the adolescents who are the most vulnerable group. 

Religiously, clothing should be regarded as an invitation to virtue rather than being an incitement to sin.  It is therefore a surprise to see different things around in the world today.  The purpose of clothing has been lost in the society today and the seemingly sneaky behaviour in the past has permeated the nooks and crannies of religious centres, especially the church.  But while some clerics or religious houses frown at this phenomenon, several sanction this trend either by omission or commission and it is now looking like a common thing to stare virtually into parts of the human body network from the dressing habits of some adolescents and even adults.

The traditional central tenet of Christian perspective on sexuality has been chastity.  This gives rise to the morality of abstinence from pre-marital sex, healthy boy-girl relationship and higher value for virginity.  But, the observable uncontrolled permissiveness in terms of the ‘ingredient of promiscuousness’ in some highly referred places calls for concern and this has been, among others, preventing ordinary observers in classifying the churches as either pro-healthy sexuality or anti-healthy sexuality.    

 

Pornography

There exists a world of difference between pornography and obscenity irrespective of the way and manner they are being used interchangeably.  While pornography implies films, pictures, magazines, etc that present or contain sexual activities or information that intend to make people sexually excited, obscenity refers to the offensive behaviour and languages conditioned by such pornography  (Macmillan English Dictionary, 2006 Edition).  According to the Encyclopedia of Ethics, pornography is defined as “the sexually explicit depiction of persons, in words or images, made with the primary, proximate aim, and reasonable hope, of eliciting significant sexual arousal on the part of the consumer of such materials.” (VanDeBeer 1992, 991).  But while the illicit, erotic arousal caused cannot be easily determined on the spot it will eventually transform and manifest in sexual mis-behaviour.  This thus calls for serious concern because it would eventual develop and constitute a social problem that portends fantastic danger for a transiting economy like Nigeria.

The question of how pornography affects human behaviors and attitudes has been a considerable source of controversy and public concern. Vehement oppositions to pornography are based on the fact that it encourages immorality, sexual violence and negative attitudes toward women notwithstanding the support it gained as harmless diversion that may serve to relieve sexual tensions for adults.   In 1986 U.S. Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography concluded that violent pornography “bears a causal relationship to antisocial acts of sexual violence” and that degrading pornography “bears some causal relationship” to violence, sexual aggression, and negative attitudes, such as the myth that women delight in being raped.   Studies indicate that men who viewed films that were both violent and sexually explicit recorded the highest levels of aggression, followed by those who viewed sexually explicit but nonviolent films. Men record the highest levels of aggression after viewing pornography that describes women as being sexually aroused by the violence perpetrated against them. According to American researchers Edward Donnerstein, Daniel Lenz, and Steven Penrod, “It is this unique feature of violent pornography—the presentation of the thought that women find sexual violence arousing—that plays an vital role in producing violent pornography’s effects.” But, studies have found small correlation between purely erotic nonviolent films and violence or aggression against women (Downs, 2007).

 

Cultivation theory

Cultivation theory suggests that frequent viewing increases the likelihood of the adoption of expressed values and beliefs that will ultimately alter actual behavior (Brown, 1993; Brown, et al, 1995; Gerbner, et al, 1986). When applied to adolescents’ television consumption, it implies that higher rates of viewing could bring about greater changes in values, beliefs, and resulting behaviors.  In this context, greater exposure to sexual content could lead to greater acceptance of the gender stereotypes (Walsh-Childers, et al, 1993).  Notwithstanding, other evidence suggests that exposure to media content is not equivalent to paying attention to that content (Ward & Rivadeneyra, 1999), especially in an adolescent population where multiple media consumption is common and television use acts as a background to other activities like homework or eating.  But, Grube and Wallack (1994) assumed the level of attention and emotional response given to televised alcohol advertising can mediate the influence of a message as well as the level of identification with the communicator. 

The theory therefore supports the premise that constant exposure of adolescents to adult entertainment such as pornography would eventually lead to their adoption of such practices as well as cultivating them as habits.  This may lead to juvenile delinquencies and vices such as rape, masturbation, prostitution and so on.  Hence, it is deduced with the help of this theory that adult entertainment (which is for adults by the way) could have adverse effects on young adolescents’ sexual behaviour.  As such, entertainment is not targeted for consumption by people of their age.   Also, an earlier study by Healy and Brumer, it was concluded that delinquents were more frequent among movie-goers than other who don’t (Healy, et al, 1936), a finding that was also corroborated by Gluecks (Glueck and Glueck; 1950).  While it is not unlikely that they established a causal relationship between motion picture viewing and juvenile delinquency, it could be assumed that a person who attends movies more often could likely have a stronger urge than the non-delinquent boys for exciting outlets.

 

Research design

A survey research technique was employed in the study that was carried out in Lagos State of Nigeria and the study population consists of adolescents who fall within the ages of 12 and 24 years inclusive.  Both sexes were included in order to identify the various perspectives of both sexes on the subject matter and to offer opportunity for assessing the influence of the variable on all categories of adolescents.

Although a systematic sampling technique was used in selecting respondents who are adolescents in the study area, the choice of the study areas was very subjective.  The prevalence of constant supply of electricity and other social amenities were considered as the basic determinants of access to the medium of watching or reading materials relating to adult entertainment.  Thus, the resident Districts of Ikeja (GRA), part of Oshodi and Yaba were purposively selected.  In this area, simple random sampling method and Primary Health Care (PHC) house numbering guided the selection of respondents who were interviewed on face-to-face approach. Only 10 houses were selected in each of the 4 enumeration areas chosen in each district.  Overall, 114 questionnaires were processed out of the 120 respondents interviewed by well structured questionnaires.  Two separate focus group discussion (FGD) were organized in these locations for more findings and confirmation of interview outcome

 

Data analysis

Distributive statistics were employed to assess the socio-demographic characteristic of the respondents and inter-dependent association amongst identified variables and indulgence in adult entertainment.  Data collected were analyzed with SPSS. The frequency distribution, cross tabulations and regression techniques were employed and the empirical results presented in tabular forms.  The hypotheses were tested using the Chi- square (X2) method of analysis, at 5% level of significance, and the appropriate degrees of freedom.  All tables are appended to this paper.

 

Results and Discussions

 

This section focuses on discussions of the results from the data analysis.  Several cross- examinations were also made among the identified factors responsible for adolescents’ motivation in indulging in adult entertainment. 

 

Demographic characteristics of respondents

Sex ratio of Nigeria was purposively used in apportioning quota for both sexes and about 51 males and 63 females were selected as our total sample.  The study revealed that an overwhelming proportion (72%) of respondent’s parents are living together as at the time of survey (82%) while about 10% were from divorced homes (table 1).  This implies that majority of respondents are from stable homes adjudged capable of providing information on sexuality.    The level of rapport within the family is below average (32%), about 11% relates at distant with their parents while about 48% held close tie to parents just because of financial needs. The “Parent-Child-Rapport” is quite below average in the study area.  This could be influenced by the working nature in the environment where several parent will have to leave home early and come back very late in the night.  This situation does not but appear conducive for close parental care or relationship except on holidays.  Also the study area belong to high social classes where most childcare are entrusted into the hands of nanny, house girl / boy or in some cases the grannies.

Sexuality communication is relatively absent in Nigeria or perhaps below expectation especially among the respondents studied. It is expected that highly educated parent would always be able to communicate adequately with their children on such a matter but the study revealed the contrary.  Only a quarter of respondents have ever received sexuality information from their parents.  About the same number (25%) have it on a continuous basis while only 28% have never discussed it with their parents (table 1).   Among those who have ever received such enlightenment, only 14.9% of the total respondents delight in freedom of discussing any sensitive issue at home with their parents.  Majority of respondents are not permitted nor have the freedom to chat on sexual issues with those they are staying with or their parents.    But, about 48 (i.e. 42.1%) out of the whole respondents are currently in an intimate sexual relationship. About 18 (15.8%) have experienced broken relationship at their tender ages (table 1).

 

Adolescents, media and adult entertainment

Despite the fact that information about sexuality is lacking in most homes, several parents have consented to (‘permission by impression’) sexual relationship between their boys and girls and other girls and boys respectively.  This represents the parent that directly or indirectly approved social relationship between their girls / boys and other boys and girls.  About 35.1% of the respondents answered ‘Yes’ to the question: Are your parents aware about your relationship with your boy friend (s)/ girl friend (s)?  About 11% will never dare allowing their parents to know of such relationship (table 2).

The study shows that about 57.9% watch television for about 2-5 hours per day, followed by 28.9% watchers for between 6-8 hours, while only 7.9% claimed they watch television for up to 9 and 12 hours daily.  Others that watch above this hour were completely ignored purposively.  This finding is in line with American experience where an average teenager is observed to be watching three hours of television a day and that most events they watch contains heavy doses of sexual content, ranging from touching, kissing, jokes, and innuendo to conversations about sexual activity and portrayals of intercourse (Collins, et al, 2004).  Virtually all respondents have access to internet facility and about 84.2% surf internet for an average of 2-5 hours per day (table 2).  While majority would not want to do so in the presence of their parents, about 26% would not mind even browsing while father or mum is present.

 

 

Exposure to adult entertainment and sexual behaviour

While there are various media through which adolescents get exposed to them, the most common source is therefore TV as confirmed by the study.  Over 75% encounter such on TV programs. About 65% get in contact with pornography via videos while print media and internet offer 40% and 35% of pornography shows respectively, thus affirming the generalization that majority of adolescents view or get exposed to adult entertainment through watching television and seeing movies.   About 2/3 of the respondents have ever experienced sexual intercourse and nearly half of this figure (48.8%) were exposure so adult entertainment while about 51.2% have not (table 3). Also, the report shows that 10 out of 32 respondents who have not experienced sexual intercourse claimed they have never been exposed to adult entertainment at all.

 

Adolescents’ opinion about adult entertainment

Table 4 shows that 45.6% of the respondents strongly agreed to the fact that adult entertainment gingers instinct to have sexual intercourse while 20.4% of the total respondents disagreed.  About 0.9% could not make up their minds while 28.1 % only agreed that the habit can influence sexual desire.  Overall, 82 respondents out of a total of 114 respondents admitted that viewing or indulging in adult entertainment could result in adversely affecting the sexuality of adolescents.

Three hypotheses were formulated viz: (1) that adult entertainment has an adverse effect on young adolescents’ sexuality (2) that the parenting lifestyle encourage young adolescents to go into adult entertainment and (3) that sex education can serve as a substitute to adult entertainment in the sex lives of adolescents. The results are indicated in table 5, 6 and 7 respectively.  These were tested using statistical method of Chi- square (X2). This was calculated using SPSS.

The proposition that adult entertainment could have negative effect on adolescent’s sexual behaviour was confirmed (table 5).  At 5% level of significance, X2 tab is far less than the X2 cal(100.56).  Therefore one can assert following the observation of Walsh-Childers & Brown (1993) that greater exposure will culminate in adoption and manifestation of such illicit sexual behaviour.  A child that is exposed to sexual content will tend to behave along the scene he / she viewed. 

Table 5 revealed that the style of parenting in Nigeria encourages their adolescents to go into adult entertainment (X2 cal = 29.86).  This finding is supported by Tschann & Adler (1997) who observed that in some homes, sexual matters are cloaked with secrecy and discussions of sexual concerns are infrequent or absent entirely.  Many adolescents are simply uncomfortable discussing their sexuality and most of them do not receive any information about reproduction or contraception from their parents.  But, the likelihood that adolescents will talk to their parents depends on the degree of the relationship existing between then (Papini, Farmer, Clark& Snell; 1998) as well as their levels of self esteem and individuation. This implies that young adolescents will not bring their sexual concerns to their parents because they are still in the early stages of the process of individuation and thus resorted to other sources.  This confirmed that sex education can serve as substitute to adult entertainment at 5% level of significance and with  X2 tab  (9.49) < than  X2 cal  (72.02) as indicated in Table 5.

 

Religion and nudity

There is no law that approves pornography in Nigeria and nudity is still a foreign practice or custom in the cultural context of Nigeria in general.  But, some cultural rites permit exposure of some part of the body during festival especially but not absolute nudity as being encouraged by today’s media under watchful e yes of religious bodies.  Nudity permissiveness is becoming a serious concern to well-meaning moralists and dedicated disciplined individuals especially because of the way bodies are being revealed sanctioned by the free use of some body-exposed dressings in public places and even at the sacred places like churches or religious centres.

The silent posture of the church and the presence of scanty dressing in churches depict a vagrant approval of the dressing.  In the FGD, some participants believed that pornographic material violates the commandment of God that says: “Thou shalt not . . . commit adultery . . . nor do anything like unto it” (Deut 5:18; Exo 20:14) and it is believed that such can lead to other serious sins. Members of the Church should therefore avoid pornography in any form and should oppose its production, distribution, and use.

 

Conclusion and recommendations

This study confirmed that most parents do not usually engage their children in sex education and neither do the children feel free to discuss sexually- related issues with their parents, a major gap in the families that adolescents are striving hard to fill through any available source and at all costs.  Amongst the fascinating observations revealed in this study is that many adolescents feel at ease watching television with their parents around them but they are not always comfortable surfing the internet with their parents or adult around.  Privacy is in most cases extremely limited in TV watching whereas adolescent would prefer exploring the privacy inherent in internet (cyber-café for example) and watch whatever he / she wants.

Pornography is the most common form of adult entertainment that adolescents are exposed to in Nigeria and erotic dancing, prostitution, sex shows and stripping were not well loved. While the most common medium through which they access this is television, more males view adult entertainment than females.  Many adolescents can comfortably watch TV with their parents, while they would not want to watch other media while older adult or parents are around.  Several agreed that what they watch can encourage them to have sexual experience and relationship.  But while the study confirmed that adult entertainment could have adverse effect on adolescent sexual behaviour, adequate sex education would serve as a substitute to adult entertainment in the sex lives of adolescents.

The mass media and technological advancement of the 21st century has played a major role in the spread of adult entertainment as adolescents can obtain easily, such information from the internet and by watching movies on television.  Most adolescents in Nigerian are greatly exposed to adult entertainment.  It is but evident that lack of adequate sex education in homes by parents / guardians and at schools by teachers is largely responsible for the desperate adventure on the part of the adolescent to “satisfy the missing link at all cost”. This unmet need at home necessitates the scrambling for it from other sources, which in most cases, is usually satisfied by peers, with its subsequent misdemeanors. Where cultivation theory applies: adoption of expressed values and beliefs follow and behaviour becomes altered.  This will push them into the experimentation of what they have been exposed to, in the form of sexual relations.

It is believed, based on the findings in this study, that adolescents’ sexuality can be re-molded to generated sustainable, responsible, well-informed and well-equipped future generation of mature adults and successful parents.   The findings here are meant to direct stakeholders’ action in overhauling (where necessary) the wobbling image of a society that has virtually lost its moral values of excellent behaviour in the area of sexuality.  Therefore it is on this the paper submit that the high rate of adolescent indulgence in adult entertainment could be curbed by provision of adequate sex education for adolescents in normal open settings like schools, seminars, religious houses, rather than the current clandestine campaigning syndrome.  Sexuality programme / courses should be developed and integrated into the curriculum of academic institutions especially at secondary and tertiary levels. A high degree of Parent-Child Closeness (PCC) should be made a major priority in every home because this ultimately translates to the child feeling free to discuss sensitive matters, even those involving sexuality, with the parents.  Restrictions should also be placed on the mass media by the government; scrutinizing and stiff censorship should be placed on media coverage of sexuality matters.  The mass media should then be made to provide alternative forms of entertainment for adolescents, which would educate them academically in matters concerning their age.

References

 

Blumer and Hauser. 1933. was one of a group sponsored by the Payne

Brown, J. D. 1993: Theoretical overview. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss(Eds.),Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 19-25). Cresskill, NJ:Hampton Press.

Brown, J. D., & Steele, J. R. 1995. Sex and the mass media (Report No. 1093). Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.

Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L., Strouse, J. S., Pettey, G., & Shatzer, M. 1993.  Adolescents’ and young adults’ exposure to sexually oriented and sexually explicit media. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 99-112). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. 

Collins, Rebecca L., Marc N. Elliott, Sandra H. Berry, David E. Kanouse, Dale Kunkel, Sarah B. Hunter, and Angela Miu. 2004. “Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Initiation of Sexual Behavior,” Pediatrics, Vol. 114, No. 3, September 2004.

Cyril Burt. 1925.  The Young Delinquent p. 137.

Downs, Donald A. 2008. “Pornography.” Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007.

Gerbner, G., Yucky, L., Morgan, M., & Signori Elli, N. 1986. Living with television: the dynamics of the cultivation process. In J. Bryant & D. Zillerman (Eds.), Perspectives in media effects (pp.17-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Glueck, E.  1950. Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency (1950), p. 161.

Grube, J. W., & Wallack, L. 1994. Television beer advertising and drinking knowledge, beliefs, and intentions among schoolchildren. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 254-259.

Himmelweit et al. 1958.  Television and the Child (1958), pp. 11-12.In Mass Communications, ed. Wilbur ,Schramm (1949), pp. 389, 396-7.

IzIbid., at p. 9.

Lazarsfeld and Kendall. 1960. “The Communications Behavior of the Average American,” New York Times, Feb. 12, 1960, p. 43, col. 3.

Matthews A. Ojo. 2007. Religion and Sexuality: Individuality, Choice and Sexual Rights in Nigerian Christianity. Humanity Sexuality in Africa beyond Reproduction. Edited by  Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale, Richmond Tiemoko and Paulina Makinwa-Adebusoye.  Action Health Incorporated. Fanele Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd.

Tiemoko Richmond and Oku-Egbas Arit. 2006. Monitoring Media Coverage of Sexuality: An Introduction. Sexuality In Media, Emerging Issues in Africa. 2005 Edition. Published by Africa Regional Sexuality Resource Centre, ARSRC 2006. ISBN: 978-37944-1-8 P6-10

Walsh-Childers, K., & Brown, J. D. 1993. Adolescents’ acceptance of sex-role stereotypes and television viewing. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 117-133). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Walsh-Childers, K., & Brown, J. D. 1993. Adolescents’ Acceptance off Sex-Role Stereotypes and Television Viewing. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 117-133). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Ward, L. M., & Rivadeneyra, R. 1999. Contributions of entertainment television to adolescents’ sexual attitudes and expectations: The role of viewing amount versus viewer involvement. Journal of Sex Research, 36(3), 237-249.

 

William Healy and Augusta Bronner. 1936. New Light on Delinquency p. 72.

 

Wolfe and Fiske, “The Children Tell about Comics,” Communications Research,

 

 

 

PPENDIX

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of respondents

Variables

Frequency

Percent

Sex

 

 

Male

51

44.7

Female

63

55.3

Total

114

100.0

Age group

 

 

12- 16

6

5.3

17- 21

75

65.8

22- 24

33

28.9

Total

114

100.0

Living status of parents

 

 

Both living together

93

81.6

Separated

6

5.3

Divorced

1

.9

Single

14

12.3

Total

114

100.0

Closeness to parents

 

 

Very close

36

31.6

Close

55

48.2

Undecided

10

8.8

Quite distant

10

8.8

Very distant

3

2.6

Total

114

100.0

Regularity of discussion  of sexual matters with Parents

 

 

Very frequently

8

7.0

Frequently

18

15.8

Often

16

14.0

Less frequently

40

35.1

Never

32

28.1

Total

114

100.0

Sensitive discussion with Parents

 

 

Very frequent

17

14.9

Not at all

36

31.6

Sometimes

28

24.6

Rarely

33

28.9

Total

114

100.0

Respondent in relationship

 

 

In relationship

48

42.1

Not In relationship

48

42.1

Broken relationship

18

15.8

Total

114

100.0

Table 2: Adolescents and medium of adult entertainment

Parent’s awareness of  child’s Relationship

Number

Percentage

Yes

40

35.1

No

33

28.9

Never been in a relationship

41

36.0

Hours of watching television / cinema

 

 

2- 5 hrs

66

57.9

6- 8 hrs

33

28.9

9- 12 hrs

9

7.9

13 hrs & above

6

5.3

Surfing Internet

 

 

2- 5 hrs

96

84.2

6- 8 hrs

9

7.9

9- 12 hrs

6

5.3

13 hrs & above

3

2.6

Watching TV with Parent / Elderly

 

 

Yes

58

50.9

No

56

49.1

Surf Internet with Adult Around

 

 

Yes

44

38.6

No

70

61.4

Exposure to sex shows

Frequency

Percent

Yes (Exposed)

39

34.2

Not Exposed

75

65.8

Exposure to erotic materials

 

Frequency

Percent

Yes

50

43.9

No

64

56.1

Exposure to stripping

Frequency

Percent

Yes

38

33.3

No

76

66.7

Contact with sex workers

 

 

Yes

13

11.4

No

101

88.6

Sex inclusion in Sermon / Teaching in Churches

 

 

Ever Heard

35

30.7

Never Heard it

79

69.3

Parent’s Religion

 

 

Christianity

114

100.0

 

 

 

 

Table 3: Exposure to adult entertainment and sexual behaviour

Exposure to Pornography

Exposed

Not Exposed

Total

Medium

Yes

%

No

%

TV

85

 74.6

29

25.4

114

Video

74

 64.9

40

35.1

114

Cinema

14

 12.3

100

87.7

114

Print media magazine

46

 40.4

68

59.6

114

Radio

10

 8.8

104

91.2

114

Internet

40

 35.1

74

64.9

114

Club Houses

27

 23.7

87

76.3

114

 

Exposed

Not Exposed

 

Sexual behaviour

Yes

%

No

%

Total

Ever experienced intercourse

40

 48.8

42

51.2

82

Never experienced intercourse

10

 31.3

22

68.8

32

Have intercourse very frequently

8

 50.0

8

50.0

16

Have intercourse frequently

12

 46.2

14

53.8

26

Have intercourse less often

20

 50.0

20

50.0

40

Exposure by Sex

 

 

 

 

 

Male

41

80.4

10

19.6

51

Female

26

41.3

37

58.7

63

 

 

Tables 4: Adolescents’ opinion about adult entertainment

Issues

Strongly agree

Agree

Undecided

Disagree

Strongly disagree

 

Total

It encourage drive for sex

52

(45.6%)

32 (28.1)

1

(0.9%)

20 (17.5%)

9

 (2.9)

114

Adolescents are greatly exposed to it

82

 (71.9%)

29 (25.4%)

0

1

(0.9%)

2

 (1.8%)

114

Parent’s life style induces Adult Entertainment

30

 (26.3%)

41 (36.0%)

17

 (14.9%)

19 (16.7%)

7

 (6.1)

114

Formal sex education is a substitute

51

(44.7%)

37 (32.5%)

13

 (11.4%)

11 (9.6%)

2

(1.8%)

114

It has negative effect of adolescent’s sexuality

61

 (53.5%)

31 (27.2%)

13

(11.4%)

5

 (4.4%)

4

(3.5%)

114

 

Table 5: Adult entertainment, style of parenting and sex education effect on Adolescents Sexuality

 

Adult entertainment has a negative effect on Adolescent Sexuality

 Opinion

Observed    (oi)

Expected    (ei)

Residual

(oi – ei)

(oi – ei)2

(oi – ei)2/ ei

Strongly agree

61

22.8

38.2

1459.24

64.00

Agree

31

22.8

8.2

67.24

2.95

Undecided

13

22.8

-9.8

96.04

4.21

Disagree

5

22.8

-17.8

316.84

13.90

Strongly disagree

4

22.8

-18.8

353.44

15.50

Total

114

 

 

 

100.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

Style of parenting in Nigeria is responsible for indulgence in Adult Entertainment

 

Opinion

Observed    (oi)

Expected    (ei)

Residual

(oi – ei)

(oi – ei)2

(oi – ei)2/ ei

Strongly agree

30

22.8

7.2

51.84

2.27

Agree

41

22.8

18.2

331.24

14.53

Undecided

19

22.8

-3.8

14.44

0.63

Disagree

17

22.8

-5.8

33.64

1.48

Strongly disagree

7

22.8

-15.8

249.64

10.95

Total

114

 

 

 

29.86

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex education will reduce spread of Adult entertainment amongst adolescents

 Opinion

Observed   (oi)

Expected   (ei)

Residual

(oi – ei)

(oi – ei)2

(oi – ei)2/ ei

Strongly agree

51

22.8

28.2

795.24

34.88

Agree

37

22.8

14.2

201.64

8.84

Undecided

13

22.8

-9.8

96.04

4.21

Disagree

11

22.8

-11.8

139.24

6.11

Strongly disagree

2

22.8

-20.8

432.64

18.98

Total

114

 

 

 

72.02

 

 

 

 

 

 

Online Portals : Storehouse of Information From News, Online Shopping, Entertainment

Online portals : Storehouse of information

If Barbara Tuchman claimed that “Books are the carriers of civilization. Without books, history is silent, literature dumb, science crippled, thought and speculation at a standstill.” No one would disagree with her well-known quote. But, besides being a medium of conveying knowledge, books can be cumbersome and can take large amounts of time in finding information. The virtual effects of science have caused a breakthrough making the storehouses of information right in front of our computer screen as opposed to a newspaper where news may be shortened for the sake of space.

The new generation has the power of online portals which provide information with a mere click. No magic, no drama just news served like a hot cup of coffee to revitalize your senses. It wasn’t that long after the Web first appeared that the first portals came into existence. Portals served and continue to serve as a vital launch point for Web surfing, and although there are some special-interest portals out there that get some market share, the ones that started out early are the ones that get the lion’s share of viewership.

The magical online portals have given the world of knowledge to man’s finger tip. It covers all aspects from news, headlines, sports, entertainment, living, online shopping, articles, current events, current events, news updates.

But the portals of ancient were plain compared to what they are today, and what they will become in the next few years. Already a far weep from the plain, static first generation of portals, today’s Web portals take advantage of new technology to make a much more exciting surfing experience. The driving force behind all this is the pervasiveness of broadband, which allows portals to hold more rich graphics and multimedia, colorful and fun animation, and functional applets such as stock market tickers and news feeds.

EMarketer’s report highlights the future of the portal in this light, noting that portal services will go even beyond the Web itself, into the areas of personalized desktops, and video/multimedia search. And of course, portals make their money chiefly through advertising, and eMarketer makes note of the fact that the type of advertising found on portals is also changing.

The largest changes in the future of portal services will be its expansion beyond traditional search, something we’re already seeing with Google’s branching out into other areas. Look for all major portals to launch desktop search products, personalized search tools, and even mobile search services in the coming years.

Private portals are also gaining in popularity as a convenient way to allow employees, clients, and customers to securely access personalized information via a password-protected portal site. Healthcare portals have become a extremely useful addition to large HR organizations, which save time and money by allowing employees to log into their own healthcare accounts—relieving HR staff from having to spend time on low-priority, standard requests for information. While the IT staff may be well-equipped to handle the technical end of the portal, leaving the project entirely in their hands (and not seeking participation from other areas) is likely to result in a portal that is not aligned with the right business needs of the company. The portal must be a priority not just of IT, but of the entire company. Online portals are the new generation information provider , and yes, if Late Barbara Tuchman was alive, she would have had a different quote altogether, what say ?